♦ shall

♦ shall
♦ shall /ʃæl, ʃəl/
v. modale
shall, come tutti i verbi modali, ha caratteristiche particolari:
● non ha forme flesse (-s alla 3a pers. sing. pres., -ing, -ed), non è mai usato con ausiliari e non ha quindi tempi composti; la forma del passato, solo per alcuni significati, è should;
● non è mai usato con ausiliari e non ha quindi tempi composti;
● forma le domande mediante la semplice posposizione del soggetto;
● la forma negativa è shall not, spesso abbreviato in shan't;
● l'infinito che segue non ha la particella to;
● viene usato nelle question tags
1 (form. o antiq.) (alla 1a pers. sing. e pl.: esprime il futuro di previsione o di certezza) We shall overcome, vinceremo; Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God, beati i puri di cuore, perché essi vedranno Dio; The real problems, as I shall explain in a moment, are quite different, i veri problemi, come spiegherò tra breve, sono ben altri; I doubt whether I shall see him again, dubito che lo rivedrò; I shan't let you down, non ti deluderò; We shall have finished by Friday, avremo finito per venerdì; We shall be shortly landing in Bonn, tra pochi minuti atterreremo a Bonn
2 (alla 1a pers. sing. e pl.: nelle frasi interr., esprime suggerimento, offerta, richiesta) Shall I leave the door open?, lascio aperta la porta?; Shall I get you a drink?, ti porto qualcosa da bere?; DIALOGO-Going to the airport- Shall we go?, andiamo?; Shall we talk about something else?, (che ne dite se) parliamo d'altro?; What shall I answer?, che risposta devo dare?; What shall I do now?, e adesso che faccio?; What shall I cook tonight?, che cosa preparo stasera?; DIALOGO-Dinner 1- What shall we have for dinner?, che vogliamo mangiare per cena?; Let's have a cup of tea, shall we?, beviamoci un tè, eh?
3 (form.) (alla 3a pers. sing. e pl.: esprime un obbligo dettato da disposizione, norma, legge, ecc.) Payments shall be made by cheque, il pagamento deve essere effettuato (o va fatto) mediante assegno; (Bibbia) Thou shalt not kill, non uccidere
4 (form.) (alla 2a pers.: esprime una promessa o un ordine) You shall be held responsible for what happens, sarai ritenuto responsabile di quel che accade; You shan't have your piece of cake, if you don't behave, non avrai la tua fetta di torta se non ti comporti come si deve.

English-Italian dictionary. 2013.

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